Klozet takım - klozet takımları - ahşap - aksesuar - aksesuarları - dekarasyon - dekor - dekorasyon

[Construction Section 42]

SUBSECTIONS OF THE BUILDING INDUSTRY
8. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION

The tunnel construction makes itself often thousands of years of old realizations of the mining industry too uses. Lugs were pushed forward, which became secured with stamp and sheeting. Later techniques were added from the building of tunnel domes.

Conditions of tunnel construction

A condition of a tunnel construction project is the exact knowledge of the geological condition and firmness of the mountains, the rock layering and - composition and their process as well as the discharge of the rock formations, the arising pressures and the soil-mechanical analysis. Circumscription of the light area, strength of the lining, the sealing, discharge and ventilation are described in the draft cross section. In the modern tunnel construction fire protection topics are also included in the form of escape routes, emergency exits, fire announcing and fire sprinklers promptly into planning.

Devices for the tunnel construction

To the tunnel construction the among other things following machines use find:

Devices for the loosening of the rock this can e.g. Excavator, drilling hammers, turning percussion drills, coal cutting machines, tunnel drilling machines, shield driving machines its, as well as explosives.
Also needed are devices to the shop of the rock like e.g. Debris-hereditarychange, lug or shovel loaders and wheeled loaderr. In addition devices for the transport of the rock like e.g. Trucks, field banens, low hollow transporter, transportation volumes and
Devices for concreting like e.g. Concrete pumps, concrete spraying equipment, these are the so-called spraying buffalos, pneumatic concrete conveyances and scarf cars.

Most relevant BUILDING METHOD of the TUNNELS

The general outbreak work covers boring and blasting works, the rock loading, the evacuation of the overburden, the execution of safety precautions lug or Tunnel spreading or furnishing and the lining.

With the traditional building method an arranging lug is pushed forward as roofridge andor resoling lug in the mountains. Subsequently, the rock outbreak takes place in sections up to extending the summary cross section. Afterwards safety device against afterwards collapsings and maximum configuration follow as further work procedures. The traditional building method requires a large expenditure of wood to the safety device.
With the modern maximum configuration opened surfaces become secured by spraying concrete, rock anchor, steel arrowa and other likely elements. By use of fully automatic large machines the spreading can be avoid.

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